I remember a decade ago sitting in front of my 9-month-old daughter, who was in her high chair, and trying to spoon-feed her a pureed green vegetable. It didn’t matter if it was peas, green beans or something else, because the outcome was the same: I spooned it into her mouth, and it came right back out.
Compare this with feeding her applesauce, for which she would open her mouth after each bite and almost bounce in her chair with pleasure. I nearly danced along with her. This was easier! Let’s just keep doing this! But as a nutritional epidemiologist, I knew that solely satisfying her desire for sweetness would not benefit her health in the long run.
At the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, I study the consequences of poor nutrition on the health of mothers and children. I recently served on a National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine committee that summarized guidelines on feeding infants and children up to age 2. As part of the committee, I helped to write a report about feeding young children added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverages. And – spoiler alert! – experts advise no added sugar for infants and little to no added sugar for children 12 to 24 months old.
Added sugars are sugars and syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation or later at the table. They can be natural sugars, like honey, or artificial sweeteners, like high-fructose corn syrup. Yogurt, baby snacks, fruit drinks, desserts and sweet bakery products are the most common sources of added sugars in the diets of infants and toddlers.
Unlike sugars that naturally occur in fruits, dairy products, vegetables and bread and other grains, natural sugars and artificial sweeteners added to foods are the ones we should eliminate or limit in the diets of young children. But why?
From birth to 24 months, proper growth and development require calories and nutrients. Foods and beverages high in added sugars provide a lot of calories — referred to as “empty calories” — but not a lot of nutrients. Offering foods with added sugars to children from birth to 24 months is problematic because they eat relatively small amounts of food at this stage. To ensure healthy nutrition, the food they eat must be high in nutrients. If young kids fill up on high-calorie, sugar-laden foods or drinks, it leaves less room for nutritious foods.
Children who are fed diets high in added sugars are more likely than children with lower sugar intakes to have a number of negative health consequences as they develop, including childhood obesity, cardiovascular disease and tooth decay.
Diet from birth to 24 months also shapes long-term food preferences. People are hard-wired to crave sugar because it built up fat stores and kept our ancestors from starving when food was scarce. But kids can learn to accept bitter foods high in nutrients, like vegetables, if they are offered them repeatedly in early childhood. Setting healthy diet patterns early in life can help children maintain a healthy weight and avoid chronic disease.
Considering that about 85% of infants and toddlers in the U.S. consume added sugar daily, here are some practical tips for parents and caregivers of babies and young children for eliminating or limiting their sugar consumption:
1. Look on the food label
Check the amount of added sugars on the nutrition facts label on foods and drinks before you buy them. Labels include the amount of “Total Sugars” and, below that, the amount of “Added Sugars.” One 8-ounce serving of chocolate milk contains 15 grams of added sugar, for example, while regular cow’s milk has no added sugar.
2. Switch to healthier drinks
Swap out sugary drinks with water or milk (breast milk, formula or other milk, depending on the child’s age). Eliminate or limit sugary beverages like regular soda, flavored milks, Kool-Aid, fruit drinks, juice with less than 100% fruit, sports drinks, energy drinks and sweetened water or tea.
3. Ditch sugar during food prep
Prepare foods for your young child at home without adding sugar.
4. Be aware of the different names for sugar
Some packaged foods literally have “sweetened” in their name, such as sweetened applesauces or sweetened peaches. But sugar is not always so easy to spot. Often foods we don’t expect to contain added sugars do, like yogurts. Added sugars go by many different names, such as high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice concentrates, cane sugar, corn sweetener, lactose, glucose, sucrose and maple syrup. So always check the ingredient list.
5. Be mindful of sugar lurking in packaged or store-made foods
If you offer your child packaged or store-prepared foods and beverages, such as dry cereal, fruit pouches or jars of baby food, they should contain little to no added sugars.
6. Try again and often
Offer children bitter foods like vegetables over and over. Young children need to be exposed to foods 30 or so times before they learn to like them!
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As a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist who has counseled families — but also as a mother to three children — I have learned that reducing added sugar is not as easy as we professionals often make it seem. In fact, it may be infeasible for many people because of limited access to or the higher price of healthy foods. Some people have pressing needs that may take priority over a healthful diet. And fast-food restaurants and convenience stores seem to be everywhere you look.
So don’t try to make all of these changes with your child at once. Choose one that seems most feasible, and try that first. Gradually add another. Remember that falling off a healthy habit is normal. The important thing is getting back on the horse and trying again.
This article is part of a series examining sugar’s effects on human health and culture. To see all articles on this series, click here.
Lisa Bodnar receives funding from the National Institutes of Health.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.
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Sugar consumption has become an epidemic in the United States. As of 2019, the average adult in this country consumed about 20 teaspoons, or 80 grams, of sugar each day, which is well above the CDC’s upper limit of 12 teaspoons per day (or 10% of total daily calorie intake) for adults.
The thing is, most people aren’t getting all this sugar from explicitly sweet foods like ice cream, cake, or candy. Rather, the sugar is hidden inside unexpected foods like bread, yogurt, or “healthy” snacks. Elevated sugar consumption can lead to long-term, chronic conditions like Type 2 diabetes and heart disease, and can even shorten your lifespan. It’s vital that we get our sugar consumption under control. But how?
Ro compiled a list of the top foods and beverages people cut from their diets to reduce their sugar intake. Using data from a Statista survey, Ro ranked the top 15 foods that are most commonly cut out to reduce sugar. From dairy substitutes to soft drinks, we take a closer look at these foods to determine how helpful elimination actually is in lowering overall sugar consumption levels.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 4.5%
Non-dairy milks have dramatically increased in popularity over the past several years, as a growing number of people look to cut back on the number of animal products they consume or choose to follow an entirely vegan diet. Others simply pick milks made from oats, almonds, or soybeans because they think they’re healthier options. Unfortunately, many people don’t realize these dairy substitutes typically contain significantly more sugar (and additives) than cow’s milk.
Cow’s milk contains a naturally occurring sugar called lactose, which gives it that slightly sweet taste even when it’s consumed plain. In order to obtain an equally sweet flavor profile, many nut and soy milks add alternative sweeteners like fructose, glucose, or sucrose, which offer no nutritional value but significantly boost the calorie count. Flavored dairy substitutes contain even more sugar than their plain versions. When looking for dairy alternatives, try to opt for milks that contain no added sugar. Reading the ingredients list for any sugar additives can be helpful, too.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 5%
As far as sugars go, the type found in fruit—called fructose—is the least harmful option. A Google search may lead you to believe that you should consider eliminating fruit from your diet completely—thanks to its levels of fructose sugar (which is broken down by the liver and can be damaging in large quantities)—but, in fact, the CDC says that fruit is good for the vast majority of people and that we could benefit from eating more, not less, of it.
That being said, not all fruits are created equal. Some fruits, like bananas and mangoes, have particularly high levels of sugar, while others, like strawberries and blackberries, contain much lower levels. Canned or prepackaged fruits typically have added sugars, like sucrose, which can outweigh all the nutritional benefits of the fruit, like the fiber, vitamins, and minerals it contains. Steer clear of dried fruits as your go-to snack since the low water content means they aren’t as filling as their fresh counterparts and the drying process can involve adding extra sugar.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 5%
Unlike more explicitly sugary foods—like candy, cookies, and cakes—condiments aren’t something most of us really consider eliminating when it comes to eating healthier. How much of the sweet stuff could they really contain anyways? Turns out, quite a bit.
Barbecue sauce contains about 5 grams of sugar per teaspoon. Honey mustard has about 3 grams per teaspoon. And light or fat-free dressings are among the worst offenders, going up to 6 grams of sugar per 2 teaspoons. When you consider that most folks eat well more than a serving size in a single sitting, the sugar levels add up quickly. When opting to use condiments, double check the ingredients list for added sugars or try to be more mindful about how much you use. Also, keeping olive oil and fresh lemons or vinegar on hand can offer a healthy alternative to processed salad dressings and keep the calorie count down.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 6.5%
Yogurt is typically marketed as a healthy food, which can make the amount of sugar it contains surprising for many. One study conducted in the U.K. found that, on average, yogurts have about 10 grams of sugar per each 100-gram serving. This means that the majority of calories found in each carton come from sugar.
Don’t let sugar content convince you that you need to go and throw out all the yogurt in your fridge, though. The dairy snack contains probiotics, protein, calcium, and vitamin B12, which are all essential components of a healthy diet. Additionally, some studies suggest that certain types of probiotics may help those with obesity lose weight. While those studies didn't specifically look at yogurt, it's possible the probiotics in yogurt could help with weight loss.
Just be sure to opt for lower-sugar varieties at the grocery store. Picking a low fat option isn’t always a good choice, since manufacturers often add in extra sugar to improve the taste. Instead, you can pick plain, unsweetened yogurt and add fresh fruit, unsweetened coconut flakes, cinnamon powder, or some tree nuts to get that same satisfying treat with fewer calories.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 10%
While whole fruit is a part of a healthy diet, fruit juices, unfortunately, are not. On average, a serving of fruit juice contains about 30 grams of sugar or the equivalent of 8 teaspoons. Even worse, most juices have less or none of the most nutritious parts of the fruit—the skin and pulp—which contain the fiber and vitamins our bodies need.
On top of that, fruit juices are high in calories. This leads many experts to believe they are a major contributor to weight gain, as folks aren’t conscious of the number of liquid calories they’re consuming and therefore don’t compensate for them by consuming fewer calories from solid foods. When looking for alternatives to wean off of juice, consider iced teas or coffees without the sugar, or—for a bit of a fun flair—give flavored sparkling water a try.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 12%
Many people count on canned energy drinks to keep them going throughout long and busy days. While the caffeine levels may keep their minds sharp, the sugar levels found in the drinks could be wreaking havoc on their bodies. Harvard University reports that after water, sugar is the second main ingredient in popular energy drinks. On average, there are 41 grams of the sweet stuff in each 12-ounce serving.
Making matters worse, the FDA doesn’t regulate energy drinks, choosing instead to classify them as a supplement, allowing them to deviate from the normal caffeine limits on products like soft drinks. The levels of caffeine in energy drinks can contribute to other health problems including dehydration and even ramp up underlying anxiety or raise your blood pressure in the short term. Instead of energy drinks, hot or iced unsweetened coffees and teas can provide an alternative source of caffeine without the sugar. Skip the pre-packaged options and opt for homemade when possible to avoid extra sugar.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 14.5%
There are a number of snack foods on grocery store shelves that market themselves as healthy but are actually sneaky sugar bombs. Granola bars and trail mix are examples of some of the worst offenders.
These sweet snacks are often highly processed as well. They contain ingredients like vegetable oil, preservatives, and artificial flavors, which can wreak havoc on your digestive system. Still, there are some brands that really are quite healthy. Making homemade granola bars is another option since it's easy to control exactly how much sugar goes into each snack.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 14.5%
Sugar plays an essential role in breadmaking, providing food for the yeast that causes the bread to rise. However, many brands add far more sugar than necessary to their recipes in an effort to increase the flavor profile and keep it shelf-stable for longer. This means that, in some cases, two slices of bread can contain more sugar than some of your favorite sweets.
For example, eating two pieces of cinnamon-raisin potato bread means consuming 14 grams of sugar, or the equivalent of a bubblegum lollipop. And one serving of oatmeal bread has 8 grams of sugar, the equivalent of one peanut butter cup. If you’re going to have that toast for breakfast or sandwich for lunch, look for whole wheat or sprouted bread, which usually contain fewer added sugars and preservatives.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 19.5%
Sweet tea is a cornerstone of a Southern diet and the perfect pick-me-up on a hot summer day. Unfortunately, as the name implies, it also contains massive amounts of sugar. Vanderbilt Health reveals that a gallon of homemade sweet tea has, at minimum, 1 full cup of sugar. This means that each 16-ounce glass is loaded with 25 grams.
Switching to unsweetened options leads to benefits beyond just less sugar consumption. Specifically, plain tea has higher levels of antioxidants that act as anti-inflammatories and decreases levels of periodontal bacteria.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 20%
A childhood staple, juice-flavored drinks, like fruit punch, originated in the 1600s as an alternative to beer. Chock full of sugar from the beginning, these beverages have only increased in sweetness over the intervening centuries. In the 2020s, an 8-ounce glass of fruit punch contains a whopping 28 grams of sugar.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, juice-flavored drinks rarely contain any actual juice at all. One of the most popular fruit punch drinks is only 3% juice—the rest is water and high fructose corn syrup (a particularly problematic form of sugar). Kids should stick with water. Spice it up on special occasions with a squeeze of fresh orange, but avoiding sugary drinks early in life can create good habits that last for years.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 25%
Rare is the person who doesn’t enjoy a scoop of ice cream on a hot summer afternoon or after an emotionally devastating day. While many of us aren’t deluded enough to think that the frozen treat is actually healthy for us, we also probably aren’t aware of just how much sugar that single scoop actually contains. So here it goes: most brands pack around 14 grams of sugar in a half-cup serving. And we all know none of us are stopping at a single serving.
In spite of its high sugar content, ice cream can still fit into a healthy diet when eaten in moderation. Especially if you’re picking up low-sugar pints.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 35.5%
In 2020, 245 million Americans reported eating store-bought or pre-packaged cookies, making baked goods one of the country’s favorite indulgences. Like with ice cream, we all know that cookies, cakes, and other pastries should be consumed in moderation, since they contain quite a bit of sugar. But just how much sugar are we talking?
Pre-packaged sugar cookies contain about 7.7 grams of sugar per ounce. One popular brand has 11 grams of sugar per serving, which is three cookies. Eating any one of these would likely cause you to surpass the CDC’s guidelines for added sugar consumption.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 49%
A piece of candy delivers almost no nutritional value. Whether it’s a chocolate bar or a sour gummy worm, candies are full of empty calories, artificial colors and flavors, massive amounts of sugar, and troubling levels of saturated fats. You’d be better off eating almost anything else on our list, even dried fruits or flavored yogurts.
But if a bite or two of candy is what you need to satisfy your sweet tooth and stay on track with your nutrition plan, there are sensible ways to do it. For example, dark chocolate is full of disease-fighting antioxidants, which means that when it’s eaten in moderation, it’s a better option than, say, gummy worms. Steer clear of low sugar options that contain sugar alternatives like aspartame and maltitol. While they might trick your brain into thinking you’re eating the real deal, they can cause all kinds of unfortunate problems down the line.
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- Share of respondents who eliminated it from their diet: 51.5%
Soft drinks are the single largest source of sugar and added calories in the American diet, according to Harvard University. The average American drinks 38.87 gallons of soft drinks each year. The calories in these gallons of soda come almost entirely from added sugar, which reach as high as 40 grams per serving, depending on the type and brand.
The same Harvard University study reported that drinking one soft drink a day, and not cutting calories elsewhere, could lead you to gain up to 5 pounds per year. It would also drastically increase your risk of Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and premature death. So whether or not sugar is your primary dietary concern, there is a lot to gain from cutting sodas from your diet completely. Flavored sparkling waters are a good alternative to consider when trying to cut back on soda consumption. Putting slices of fresh fruit—such as lemons and strawberries—in water can be another satisfying option.
This story originally appeared on Ro and was produced and distributed in partnership with Stacker Studio.
